Yes, as long as you have the Docker daemon running on the CentOS. Docker heavily utilizes a set of kernel features - namespaces and cgroups. That set comes native for all Linux derivatives.
In terms of 'porting' the image, you have 2 widely used options:
docker save on your Ubuntu host. Get the saved archive to your CentOS and load the image with docker load
The above option is not so convenient for the standard CI/CD stack, so you might just push your image from your Ubuntu host to a so called registry. Once the image is in your registry, you could pull it from your CentOS host.
